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A neume (; sometimes spelled neum〔(Dom Gregory Sunol, Textbook of Gregorian Chant According to the Solesmes Method 2003 ISBN 0-7661-7241-4, ISBN 978-0-7661-7241-8 )〕)〔(Chants of the Church )〕〔(Liber Usualis )〕 is the basic element of Western and Eastern systems of musical notation prior to the invention of five-line staff notation. The word entered the English language in the Middle English forms "newme", "nevme", "neme" in the 15th century, from the Middle French "neume", in turn from either medieval Latin "pneuma" or "neuma," the former either from ancient Greek ("breath") or ("sign"),〔, .〕 or else directly from Greek as a corruption or an adaptation of the former. The earliest neumes were inflective marks which indicated the general shape but not necessarily the exact notes or rhythms to be sung. Later developments included the use of heightened neumes which showed the relative pitches between neumes, and the creation of a four-line musical staff that identified particular pitches. Neumes do not generally indicate rhythm, but additional symbols were sometimes juxtaposed with neumes to indicate changes in articulation, duration, or tempo. Neumatic notation was later used in medieval music to indicate certain patterns of rhythm called rhythmic modes, and eventually evolved into modern musical notation. Neumatic notation remains standard in modern editions of plainchant. ==Early history== Although chant was probably sung since the earliest days of the church, for centuries they were only transmitted orally. The earliest known systems involving neumes are of Aramaic origin and were used to notate inflections in the quasi-emmelic (melodic) recitation of the Christian holy scriptures. As such they resemble functionally a similar system used for the notation of recitation of the Qur'an, the holy book of Islam. This early system was called ''ekphonetic notation'', from the Greek ''ekphonesis - ἐκφώνησις'' meaning quasi-melodic recitation of text. Around the 9th century neumes began to become shorthand mnemonic aids for the proper melodic recitation of chant.〔One of the earliest examples is the ''Planctus de obitu Karoli'' (c.814), which was provided neumatic notation in the 10th century, cf. Rosamond McKitterick (2008), ''Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-88672-4), 225 n54. For the lyrics, see Peter Godman (1985), ''Latin Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance'' (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press), 206–11.〕 A prevalent view is that neumatic notation was first developed in the Eastern Roman Empire. This seems plausible given the well-documented peak of musical composition and cultural activity in major cities of the empire (now regions of southern Turkey, Syria, Lebanon and Israel) at that time. The corpus of extant Byzantine music in manuscript and printed form is far larger than that of the Gregorian chant, due in part to the fact that neumes fell in disuse in the west after the rise of modern staff notation and with it the new techniques of polyphonic music, while the Eastern tradition of Greek orthodox church music and the reformed neume notation remains alive until today. Slavic neume notations ("Znamenny Chant") are on the whole even more difficult to decipher and transcribe than Byzantine or Gregorian neume notations. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Neume」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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